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	Imaging Subliminal Conditioning Can instrumental conditioning occur subconsciously? Pessiglione and colleagues provide the first evidence for subliminal instrumental conditioning by demonstrating that subjects engaged in an implicit perception paradigm can engage the ventral striatum and learn the monetary values of unseen contextual cues. Preview by Rangel.
	LTD: Time for Positive Feedback Tanaka et al. investigate how transient changes in synaptic acitivity can be converted into sustained modifications in synaptic transmission. The results indicate that LTD requires a positive feedback loop involving PKC and MAPK and that this recurrent mechanism extends synaptic signaling kinetics to allow gradual expression of LTD.
	Reward Circuit for Value Seekers How does the value-related firing of neurons in the amygdala and dopaminergic neurons of the midbrain promote reward-seeking behavior? Ambroggi et al. show that reward seeking requires the integration of information from amygdala and dopaminergic neurons in a neural circuit linking reward value to reward seeking.
	REVIEW: Inner Ear Transduction The inner ear's performance is defined by an active process defined by amplification, sharp frequency selectivity, compressive nonlinearity, and spontaneous otoacoustic emission, properties that naturally emerge from the biomechanics of transduction. Hudspeth reviews the mechanisms underlying sound amplification in the inner ear.

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Featured Topic

Circuit Development The neural circuit transforms single neuron properties into ensemble responses to respond to sensory stimuli and guide ongoing behavior. The developmental rules underlying circuit development are being elucidated with fine-scale technologies. This month, we present a selection of recent reviews and articles on Circuit Development from Neuron, Trends, and Cell Press. Review articles are free to our online readers.

Neuron Primer
	Genetic Dissection of Neural Circuits   FREE Liqun Luo, Edward M. Callaway, and Karel Svoboda

Neuron Articles
	Tiling of R7 Axons in the Drosophila Visual System Is Mediated Both by Transduction of an Activin Signal to the Nucleus and by Mutual Repulsion Chun-Yuan Ting, Tory Herman, Shinichi Yonekura, Shuying Gao, Jian Wang, Mihaela Serpe, Michael B. O'Connor, S. Lawrence Zipursky, and Chi-Hon Lee
	Gating of Sema3E/PlexinD1 Signaling by Neuropilin-1 Switches Axonal Repulsion to Attraction during Brain Development Sophie Chauvet, Samia Cohen, Yutaka Yoshida, Lylia Fekrane, Jean Livet, Odile Gayet, Louis Segu, Marie-Christine Buhot, Thomas M. Jessell, Christopher E. Henderson, and Fanny Mann
	A Role for Local Calcium Signaling in Rapid Synaptic Partner Selection by Dendritic Filopodia Christian Lohmann and Tobias Bonhoeffer
	Alternative Splicing of the Robo3 Axon Guidance Receptor Governs the Midline Switch from Attraction to Repulsion Zhe Chen, Bryan B. Gore, Hua Long, Le Ma, and Marc Tessier-Lavigne
	Insulin Receptor Signaling Regulates Synapse Number, Dendritic Plasticity, and Circuit Function In Vivo Shu-Ling Chiu, Chih-Ming Chen, and Hollis T. Cline

Trends in Neurosciences Review
	Abnormal development of the human cerebral cortex: genetics, functional consequences and treatment options   FREE Renzo Guerrini, William B. Dobyns, A. James Barkovich

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